Advanced investigation techniques
Environmental Measurement System
In most cases investigators only require the essentials for debunking, taking baseline readings, and just getting an overall assessment of the area being investigated.
We at SAGAPS, always go into an investigation with a clear head, charged up gear, and a purpose to conduct an experiment in a controlled environment. Our goal, is to complete a thorough investigation by collecting numerous types of data while various tasks are underway. One of the utilities we use is the EMS.
Environmental Measurement System
The EMS is comprised of various sensors and tripods that connect to a laptop in order to feed real-time data of the measurement fluctuations collected. The data is collected into a software package which graphs out various levels of readings.
In certain situations we will only roll out a few sensors as to determine the validity of the evidence being gathered.
EMF SENSOR
(ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD SENSOR)
---FREQ RESPONSE 0.2HZ – 3KHZ / 60 Mv = 1 milligauss---
EMF meters usually measure radiation in milligauss. In absence of a moving magnetic field, an ideal meter will read 0 milligauss. Industrial EMF meters will often read 2-3 milligauss when placed in an open field devoid of emitters such as power lines (either overhead or buried).
The majority of EMF meters available are calibrated to measure electromagnetic radiation, which is alternating at 50/60Hz (the frequency of US and European mains electricity)This is because in recent years people have become concerned about the long-term health effects of exposure to high levels of radiation emitted from some electrical appliances.
There are other meters which can measure fields alternating at as low as 20 Hz. however these tend to be much more expensive and are only used for specific research purposes.
THERMAL MOTION SENSOR
An infrared detector is a photodetector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation. The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic.The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena.
Bolometers and microbolometers are based on changes in resistance. Thermocouples and thermopiles use the thermoelectric effect. Golay cells follow thermal expansion. In IR spectrometers the pyroelectric detectors are the most widespread.
The response time and sensitivity of photonic detectors can be much higher, but usually these have to be cooled to cut thermal noise. The materials in these are semiconductors with narrow band gaps. Incident IR photons can cause electronic excitations. In photoconductive detectors, the resistivity of the detector element is monitored. Photovoltaic detectors contain a p-n junction on which photoelectric current appears upon illumination.
GAMMA + BETA Radiation Detector
--Normal Background = 2 pulses/minute—
A geiger counter works by detecting the ionization produced by a radioactive particle. Each time a particle of radiation is detected, the counter records this event. The number of events recorded over a period of time indicates the amount of radiation present. Often this is done over one minute intervals, resulting in the familiar "counts per minute" or CPM. The higher the CPM, the higher the radiation levels. There are three types of radioactive emissions:
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Alpha - the least penetrating form of radiation, can be stopped with a piece of paper or a few inches of air. Alpha rays are the nucleus of a helium atom, and are produced by certain radioactive materials such as thorium and uranium.
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Beta rays are more penetrating than alpha rays, and can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum or other metals. They are very fast moving electrons.
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Gamma rays are the most penetrating form of radiation. Depending on their energy, they can travel through up to several inches of steel, and hundreds of feet of air. They are usually produced in conjunction with either alpha or beta rays.
Optical Sensor, 200-900 nm
Freq Response DC – 1000 Hz
Optical sensors
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electromagnetic time-of-flight. Generate an electromagnetic impulse, broadcast it, then measure the time a reflected pulse takes to return. Commonly known as - RADAR (Radio Detection And Ranging) are now accompanied by the analogous LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging. See following line), all being electromagnetic waves. Acoustic sensors are a special case in that a pressure transducer is used to generate a compression wave in a fluid medium (air or water)
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light time-of-flight. Used in modern surveying equipment, a short pulse of light is emitted and returned by a retroreflector. The return time of the pulse is proportional to the distance and is related to atmospheric density in a predictable way.
Optical Fluctuation Sensor
Spectral Range 300nm- 1000nm
(See explanation above) This sensor however covers the higher spectrum of 300nm- 1000nm
Magnet Strength Monitor
Magnetic field strength is a measure of the intensity of a magnetic field, given in teslas (T), the standard unit. One tesla is equal to one weber per square meter, where one weber is equivalent per second is required to induce an electromotive force of one volt.
Another way to define a tesla is that a magnetic field of 1 tesla must exert force of 1 newton on a wire of length 1 meter carrying 1 ampere of current. This is a lot of force for a magnetic field to exert, as a newton is the force necessary to accelerate a 1 kg weight at one meter per second squared. If all that sounds complicated, just think of magnetic field strength in teslas by reference to known field strengths.
For instance, the Earth's magnetic field strength is equivalent to 1/30,000th of a tesla. Still, this is enough for birds to navigate by and to keep a compass hand pointed north. The magnetic field of Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is about ten times stronger than Earth's, or 1/3,000th of a tesla. This is caused by charge circulating through metallic hydrogen in its interior.
Gravity Monitor
100mv = 2% weight
Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another. In everyday life, gravitation is most commonly thought of as the agency which lends weight to objects with mass. Gravitation compels dispersed matter to coalesce, thus it accounts for the very existence of the Earth, the Sun, and most of the macroscopic objects in the universe. The terms gravitation and gravity are mostly interchangeable in everyday use, but a distinction may be made in scientific usage. "Gravitation" is a general term describing the phenomenon by which bodies with mass are attracted to one another, while "gravity" refers specifically to the net force exerted by the Earth on objects in its vicinity as well as by other factors, such as the Earth's rotation.
Air Ion Counter
The Air Ion Counter can be used for the detection of natural and artificial ions. Natural ions include those generated from the decay of radioactive minerals and radon gas; ions generated by fires, lightning, and evaporating water; and ions associated with storm activity. Note that in fair weather at sea level, typical ion counts are about 400 negative and 500 positive ions per cubic centimeter. Before a storm, positive ions increase dramatically. During a storm, negative ions increase.
The Ion Counter can gauge the output and coverage of artificial sources such as ion generators, improperly grounded air conditioning vents, combustion vapor and electrically charged or heated surfaces, and plasma-discharge ions in air and other gases.
Quantum Noise Sensor
Quantum noise is uncertainty of some physical quantity due to its quantum origin.In the case of number of particles (photons or electrons), the quantum noise is also called shot noise. Most optical communications use amplitude modulation. In this case, the quantum noise appears as shot noise only. In the case of uncertainty of electric field in some lasers, the quantum noise is not just shot noise; uncertainties of both amplitude and phase contribute to the quantum noise.
This issue becomes important in the case of noise of a quantum amplifier, which preserves the phase. The phase noise becomes important at the frequency modulation or phase modulation of waves with energy of quantum comparable to the energy of a signal (which is believed to be more robust with respect to additive noise than an amplitude modulation).
